Development of Technology is one of the main factors of political change of the modem world. A technological change could change nature and structure of political arrangements of the society. This restructuring of the society could happen by economic and professional change, by creating new division of labor, by creating new classes and new resources, and so on. In this article, first of all, a definition of innovation and distinction between invention and innovation is elaborated. At the second part of the article a review of theoretical literature is presented. And at the final part of the article the result of the statistical analysis is presented. The results show that institutional variables are more important to explain innovation.

Many scholars emphasis on regulation as a one of innovation policy instrument, recently. The variety of regulation and increasing cost of financial innovation policy instruments justify the design and usage of regulation, however, direction and stringency of its effect is a crucial matter for policymakers. It is a necessity to understand why/how/what regulation take effects on innovation. Hence, this paper aims to clarify this effect mechanism from government intervention, economic theories, value chain, and cost compliance perspectives. Also, traditional regulatory frameworks are criticized by the changing environment of firms and industries that are affected by increasing competition and, consequently, emerging disruptive innovation. The dynamic regulation frameworks are the developing response to these criticisms that I describe their important features. Finally, this research tries to provide evidence of the effect of regulations on innovation by presenting how the rules and regulations apply to pharmaceutical firms in Iran.

Policy evaluation is essential for governments to improving effectiveness and accountability. In science, technology, and innovation (STI) domain in line with the growth of national and regional policymaking, the literature and experiences of policy evaluation have been developed. In this paper, after reviewing concepts and various components of policy evaluation including criteria, timing, methodologies, and indicators a complete evaluation process with its all modules is presented. The main criteria including appropriateness, efficiency, and effectiveness with their indicators, quadruple timing including ex-ante, real-time, intermediate, and ex-post evaluation, triple levels of aggregation including policy, program, and activity as well as quantitative, qualitative, and semiquantitative methodologies are mentioned as evaluation components that prepare necessary information for evaluation expert groups in a systematic process. The results of policy evaluation are always published and provide feedback to policymakers for improving the goals and programs. The paper also discusses the evaluability of policies and at the end presents an evaluation experience for nanotechnology policies in Iran.

China has shifted from copying to innovator and creative country via broad and consistent policies for science, technology and innovation. China’ s innovation policies include five categories: Science and Technology Policies, Industrial Policies, Financial Pilicies, Tax Policies and Fiscal Policies. We could classify these policies in four periods, too. In first period China’ s government has had important role and firms have little role to play in research and innovation. In second period firms and universities have active role in NIS and also laws have established to provide more competitive business environment. Enterprises role in NIS was more important in third period and their interaction with universities and public libraries was stronger and broader. Fiscal, financial and tax policies was more important in this period, too. Forth period was the benchmarking and policy learning and firm-oriented innovation system period. In this paper first we review science, technology and innovation indices in China, then explore innovation policies transformation and their properties. Finally, we counclude with lessons learned from innovation policies of China and give some suggesstions for Iran.

In order to improve understanding of the structure and dynamics of innovation systems, researchers and policy analysts have studied the various empirical cases. However, policymakers often face with problems in exploiting practical strategies. Among the different approaches to innovation systems, the technological innovation system has a close relationship with the concept of innovation policy. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to investigate the technological innovation system, its structures and functions and also to analyse this concept for a scheme of innovation policy and technology development. The influence of contexts and life cycles that affect the policy process are also considered. Finally, in order to illustrate the application of the concepts, the photovoltaic technological innovation system in Iran is investigated.

The significant amount of annual public procurements in countries led the policymakers to the use of public procurements as the leverage power to stimulate the innovation. In fact the public procurement is a demand for products, services and systems in market and this demand with using new procurement methods can lead to formation of effective demand for innovations which is essential for fostering innovations. The aim of this article is to explain innovation-oriented methods in public procurement. Therefore, a library research was conducted on the role of demand in innovation and policy capacity of public procurement. Then, public procurements for innovation will be defined and distinguished from conventional public procurement. Subsequently, the possibility of applying innovation-oriented public procurement as an instrument of demand side innovation policy will be discussed. The taxonomy of innovation-oriented public procurement and obstacles for this method of procurement will be explained. Finally the conclusion is provided in which it is emphasized on the necessity of paying attention to the capacity of the public procurement in simulation of innovation in our country.

The main objective of this research is analyzing the governance of Iranian innovation system.With literature review, the conceptual model of innovation system's governance has been extracted, which comprised policy making, prioritization, design & implementation of plans and policy evaluation and learning processes.The questionnaire and the panel discussion tools have been applied for data collection and also Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and t-test techniques have been used to analyze the data.The analysis reveals that the dominate approach in innovation policy making in Iran is linear view and the style of governing the national innovation system is also discretionary.Based on the designed model, the current situation and the main challenges of Iranian innovation system's governance have been analyzed. Finally, some policy recommendations proposed to overcome the facing challenges.

it can be claimed that during the years that this journal has been published, a common mentality has been formed between the researchers of both fields. But there are still questions, especially in the scope of sharing and interaction of these two concepts, which have not yet received a clear answer. One of these questions is raised in the field of the impact of foresight on policy-making, which has been answered in the scientific community, especially from the functional and executive perspective. In this note, I intend to open a theoretical perspective and look at this challenge more deeply than in the past

The complexity of innovation system problems and the diversity of policy instruments have changed the focus of policymakers from finding the best instruments to formulating instruments packages. The packages envelope instruments which together and in combination have the most positive impact on the policy objectives. This change has been accompanied by the "policy mix" concept which refers to the interactions and interdependencies between policy instruments influencing the level of policy goal achievement. The design of a policy mix has to maximize the synergies and minimize potential contradictions between the instruments in order to maximize the effectiveness. Examining the exact interactions between policy tools needs the implementation of the policy mix, monitoring and its ex-post evaluating. Therefore, designing a policy mix is a dynamic process and depends on the feedbacks from implementation process, which in parallel with the multiplicity of the available alternatives necessitates the application of systematic approaches to design a policy mix.